I saw the Oresteia during its original run at the National Theatre when I was in the Sixth Form. I don’t think I knew any thing about it, except that it was a play everyone was talking about and students could get cheap tickets midweek. Everyone knows that Greek tragedy is difficult and stodgy; but the translation made it accessible and exciting — to the point, in fact, where I couldn't quite see why it was such an Important Literary Work. The translation seemed to create its own vernacular: ancient Greek rendered into metrical modern English, but with a huge stock of invented composite words where the Greek had no direct English equivalent. So that the line about not killing a bird because (in the standard Penguin version) “the sky is heaven’s protectorate” had become “Birds! Guest-strangers in god-spaces”; and the comment that Athena had access to Zeus’s lightning became “the mighty high he-god’s munitions of thunder”. It seemed to bring the ancient world close while showing how distant it was from us.
I saw The Mysteries as an undergraduate. The Oresteia had been three shortish plays making up one longish evening. The Mysteries were three full length plays performed over a whole day — The Nativity (from the Creation to the birth of Jesus); the Passion (Jesus’ life and death); and most excitingly Doomsday, which begins with the harrowing of Hell and takes in the Resurrection and the day of judgement. The nasty gym teacher from Kes (Brian Glover) was God, riding around the stage in a fork-lift truck. The tomb of Jesus was a conjuror’s cabinet from which the actor playing Christ vanished, only to reappear on the other side of the sage. (I assume that the Bishop of Durham, David Jenkins, was well aware of this conceit.) The text was mostly taken from the Wakefield and York mystery cycles, rendered into an earthy, alliterative poetry with much dialect but no anachronisms.
“I am maker unmade and most hight in might” says God before the creation “and aye shall be endless, and nowt is but I”, rubbing his hands together with glee. The “knights” crucifying Jesus grumble about the weight of the cross: “Workers worthier than we / you’ll find them few enough” “This bargain buggers me/ I’m proper out of puff”. And Judas, deciding to make his bad bargain, admits “The poor’s plight pricked me not to play no pretence / what pricked me and pined me was t’loss of my pence.” I didn’t know I liked folk music at the time, but the music was provided by John Tams and Bill Caddick.
I heard Tony Harrison do at least two poetry readings, once at college and once at a Bath literary festival. The college one was I think a retirement present for one of the English lecturers. I felt I was listening, not to a modern poet whose work I hadn’t previously encountered, but to someone doing whole new thing with words. I like all the difficult modern poems well enough, your Howls and your Wastelands your roosting hawks. This didn’t feel like “poetry” in quite the same way. I can almost understand why stupid people have always thought it clever to say that he is like Pam Ayers with added politics. (Not that comic verse is necessarily easy to write, or that our Pam is anything other than a skilled craftsperson.)
Very often, when I try to read an anthology by some modern poet who has won the award for modern poetry I find myself thinking that
This
Seems like a perfectly valid thinkpiece
(Piece think; think of peace; pink pease)
That has for some unfathomable
Reason
Been broken up arbitrarily into lines of unequal
Length.
Harrison writes sonnets (the kind of sonnet that has sixteen lines) and blank verse and rhyming couplets. He writes in actual English sentences. But you are never in any doubt that Poetry is what you are in the presence of.
Complaining about the English teachers who wouldn’t let him speak in his natural accent, he writes
all poetry (even Cockney Keats?) you see’
s been dubbed by [^S] into RP
received pronunciation, please believe [^S]
your speech is in the hands of the receivers
The rendering of “you see, has” as “you see’s” and the splitting of it over two lines is typical. He uses the phonetic alphabet to distinguish the northern pronunciation “uz” from the southern, “uss”, which he thinks is a marker for the division between “them and [uz]”. The same sonnet contains a couple of words in Greek, to compare the wailing of a Greek chorus "αἰαῖ" with the typically Leeds greeting “Ay-ay!" (He doesn’t go out of his way to make it easy for his reader!)
He has a great eye for metaphor, and often runs with them for pages at a time, as in his great mediation on first tasting a kumquat in Florida;
You’ll find that one parts sweet and one part’s tart
Say where the sweetness and the sourness start.
I find I can’t as if one couldn’t say
Exactly where the night becomes the day
Which is makes for me the kumquat taken whole
Best food and metaphor to fit the soul
Of one in Florida, at 42, with Keats,
Crunching Kumquats, thinkign as he eats
The flesh, the juice, the pips, the pith, the peel
That this is how a full life ought to feel…
But he is perhaps too inclined to tell the reader what the symbols mean. Remembering his father’s cremation, he imagines him greeting his late wife
Light streaming from his mouth to shape her name
Not Florence and not Flo but always Florrie
I thought how his cold tongue burst into flame
But only literally, which makes me sorry….
From Jude Fawley to DH Lawrence, literature is full of working class lads who have got an education and felt alienated from their roots. His mother used to say that he and his dad were “like bookends” and he extends the metaphor: “for all the Scotch we drink what’s still between us/’s not the thirty or so years, but books, books, books”. When his Da storms out and tells him to write his mother’s epitaph on his own, he writes:
I’ve got the envelope that he’s been scrawling
Misspelt, mawkish, stylistically appalling,
But I can’t squeeze more love into their stone.
In 1985 there was a concocted media furore about the film poem called (lower case) ‘v’, which described his reaction when that same gravestone was vandalised by a football thug. In the end he decides that the word “united” is quite appropriate and doesn’t clear it off. But not before he has imagined a dialogue with the skinhead who daubed the graffiti, asking him if the vandalism was about frustrated aspirations:
Our aspirations, cunt? Folk on fuckin’ dole
‘ave got about as much scope to aspire
above the shit they’re dumped in, cunt as coal
aspires to be thrown on t’fuckin’ fire
Obviously, the British media went into meltdown. It didn’t help that the “v” of the title referred to a divided society, “us v them” (again) “personified in 1985 by Coal Board McGreggo and the NUM”. SCARGILL POEM IS THE PITS! explained the Sun. The still extant Mary Whitehouse opined that the f-word, intrinsically, by its shape and sound “negates and destroys the nature of love, sensitivity and commitment” which should be at the heart of sexual intercourse. Auberon Waugh, who had been running a rather silly campaign for “real” poetry which scanned, rhymed, and made sense, to his credit admitted that v did all of those things, even if it sometimes meandered from the point.
I never completely bought into the genre of poetry/documentary he tried to create for the BBC: it always seemed just that little bit contrived. His long poem in defence of Salman Rushdie included scenes in which he purchased a bust of Voltaire in an auction while thinking about censorship. I didn’t quite buy it. But some of the stanzas hit home:
The Koran denounces unbelievers who
quote ‘love this fleeting life’ unquote. I do.
I’m an unbeliever. I love this life.
I don’t believe their paradise is true.
And, looking at young girl
It won’t be long before she knows
That everything will vanish with the rost
And then she’ll either love life more because its fleeting
Or hate the flower and life because it goes
The Guardian had the idea of sending him off to war-zones to write poetic dispatches. His meditation on a photograph of a dead Iraqi soldier tries (typically, again) to put words into the mouth of the corpse.
It’s easier to find such words
For this dumb mask like baked dog-turds
So lie and say the charred man smiled
To see the soldier hug his child.
The ending of the poem admits that soldier is dead and can't say anything:
I went. I pushed rewind and play
And I heard the charred man say:
I heard him recite that in a lecture room with a ticking clock, which he said put him right off his metre.
Some Boffins once worked out a scientific method of measuring how sad a particular poem was. It involved asking volunteers to read poems out loud with a gadget attached to their throat. The gadget was able to record exactly how often the reader’s voice cracked during the performance. On which metric, Harrison’s poem Long Distance is the most moving poem ever written.
You can find it here: try for yourself.